Risk and Joint Ventures: Questions and Answers

Risk and Joint Ventures: Questions and Answers Table of Contents (Jump to) There are four types of international risks. Namely (a) Cross-cultural risk; (b) Country risk; (c) Currency risk and (d) commercial risk. Briefly describe each these risks. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a joint-venture or strategic partnership. Why is air transportation and air express so widely used in exporting when ocean transportation is much cheaper? Entering a new market through licensing is generally the best strategy because market potentials can be tested with little or no investment. Comment. Briefly explain why has international trade in agricultural products been expanding at a slower rate than exports of manufacturing goods? A multinational firm needs to have complete control over its subsidiaries in order to make optimum use of its resources and compete most effectively. Comment. References There are four types of international risks. Namely (a) Cross-cultural risk; (b) Country risk; (c) Currency risk and (d) commercial risk. Briefly describe each these risks. Cross cultural risk: Cross cultural risk identifies the risk of adjustment of different two cultures. In international business sectors most of the time mangers send their skilled and intelligent employees to the foreign sectors so that they can play a vital role in the business purpose. But sometimes employees as well as manager fail to understand the local need and demand through their cultural pattern (Moore, 1983). Then they cannot adjust with their foreign environment. They may find food dissimilarity, life style problem and many others think. Country risk: Country risk is a term which is used to define the probable risk of investing in foreign country. In the field of international or global marketing company has to invest a lot of money in the foreign country. But some time the government or local people may go against the company. So in consequences the company has to scarify their profit or even investment. Mass riot or social and economical unrest of the country bring enormous loss. Currency risk: Currency risk is also popularly known as foreign exchange risk. In the sector of international marketing a fixed price is always set by the two sectors to import or export. But due to natural disasters and international pressure this fixed priced can be highly modified. So one of the two sides has to carry the loss. Domestic inflation and economic unrest will affect this sector badly. Commercial risk: Commercial risk is the uncertainty or the probability of the return of the investment in the foreign country. In the field of international business all companies forecast their probable rate of return or the profit so they can understand their future in the market (Pearson, 1987). But duo to political unrest, change in the consumers living stander and the modification of the government regulation may affect it badly. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a joint-venture or strategic partnership. Advantage of the joint venture Joint venture is the recent innovative and effective way of get together of two companies. It provides a lot of facilities to both sides that’s why the number of joint venture companies is increasing day by day. It offers both company to use their innovation and technological advancement. It also provides opportunity to use others regional market place. So the number of consumers will increase. As innovative ideas are bring out more in this sectors proficiency can be achieved through new technological improvement (Hall, 1984). The joint venture helps both companies to use greater natural resources, and more expert employees. That will surely increase their production amount. It also offers to their partners to share their mutual risk. Another important advantage is being elastic in the market place.Any company can act to their consumers quickly and thoroughly through joint venture. Joint venture also helps to understand the new market quickly and easily. Disadvantage of joint venture: Some demerits are also associated with the joint venture production. It is very hard and nearly impossible to find a suitable partner for the joint venture. It takes too many time and efforts to find appropriate joint venture partner. Behind reasons of this problem may be a lot. Unclear aims of the joint venture section may be the first reason. Then all parties may not be interested to the aim. The aims of the joint venture have to be very corresponding otherwise no one will show interest. Disparity of the resources and the imbalance of the technological advancement are also effective reasons not to be a part of joint venture (Paakkunainen, 1992). Dissimilarity and the poor administration system also pave the discouragement of joint venture. Lack of thorough research and poor maintenance system are also responsible for this. Why is air transportation and air express so widely used in exporting when ocean transportation is much cheaper? Transportation is the biggest part of modern international business sectors. Quick response, cheap cost and the arrival power of remote area are the crucial factors of transportation sectors. Considering all other system it can be easily said air transportation system is used regularly and increasingly. The reasons behind this are many. Quick response is the most important and effective criterion in this sectors. All medical equipments and medicine are mostly transported through air express because of their call to reach necessity. Another important factor is remote area reaching power (Puffer, 1941). All electronic and perishable goods are transported by air express. It also carries the products time value and necessity. For quick response the customer can get the latest product and service so they prefer the new one rather than old one. So to grab new growing market most of the retailers like air express. So for fragile and luxury product air express is must. On the other hand sea transportations are cheap but so time consuming. And product like daily commodities and unnecessary product are transported through sea transportation. It takes three to four days for delivering some products on the other hand air express will take few hours to reach the place. Bad and unpredictable weather is another reason of decreasing s the use of sea transportation. Recently the pirates’ problem has increased in an alarming rate so merchandisers like air express over sea transportation (Bailey, 2009). It is very hard to trace the delivery in sea transportation which is another reason of discouraging sea shipment. Entering a new market through licensing is generally the best strategy because market potentials can be tested with little or no investment. Comment. Licensing is a widely used term in the field of international marketing. Specifically licensing is the process of granting application or permitting other party to use own intellectual property like logo, trademark, motto and some other brand name. The party who granted permission to use is called licensor and the other party who get the permission of using this property is known as licensee. Actually licensing is a good term for the new comer in the business sectors. Very few people trust the new comer in the international business sectors. So it is so tough for them to stay on business.Moreover new environment and new customers’ attitude take a tough test from the new comer (Sherman, 1999). So to explore the full recourse of the local environment and become popular in entering position licensing is the best process. Another important and crucial help to company is to pave the pipe to do business with readymade customer and with their trust.Licensing also helps his partner by proving the free advertising which can be very costly and ineffective. So automatically they will get new and potential customer to serve and get reputation. So all the way licensing provide critical facilities like present and future customer, free adverting and market goodwill with little or without any money cost. Briefly explain why has international trade in agricultural products been expanding at a slower rate than exports of manufacturing goods? In modern business sectors all products and services are included in international marketing. They can be divided in two categories. First may be agricultural products and the second can be manufacturing products. But comparing with manufacturing products, agricultural products are exported in a minimal rate. The main reasons behind this are the customers living pattern. Mainly agricultural products are the main base of their livelihood. They cannot easily change it. Or they are not interested to change it. So all their necessary livelihood things are produced by ones native country (Foley, 1999). And they are produced in a high amount. So they don’t need to import them from other country. And another reason of slow export ratio is that the agricultural products are not so suitable to store for a long transportation without using comical which is highly unhygienic for health. So no country wants to depend on others about their main agricultural food. They try to produce them a ll by themselves. Another reason may be profitable side. Agricultural products may not be so profitable for the exporter. It cost a lot to produce but the cost is nearly similar to the entire county throughout the world. Agricultural products take long time to be produced and need more space. On the other hand manufacturing products provide the competitive advantage to the manufacturer. They can be produced a lot if amount in short time by dent of improved technology. That can be produced after the export order and it take short time to deliver. They can be stored for a long time. And also their transportation facility is easy (Paul, 2008). So considering all those factors the manufacturing products get higher priority to export. A multinational firm needs to have complete control over its subsidiaries in order to make optimum use of its resources and compete most effectively. Comment. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are corporations found in one country but activate throughout the world with permanent amenities and workers in numerous countryside. A few types of multinational companies are Industrial corporations that produce goods and sell them in a variety of countries for example cars, electronics. So the main company is called parent company and the host company is called subsidiary company. Main company holds the authority to negotiate and implement power and the subsidiaries are bound to follow the rules. At the same time the subsidiaries company have to able to amplify their capability. But it is so important that parent company have to have full control over Subseries Company. Otherwise subsidiary companies will loss the power to produce the best. The host companies have to follow the host nation’s regulation and the profitability of the parents companies. So the full control over Subsidiaries Company will provide enough power to negotiate the hos t government. And some time the host country try to lure the parents company’s investment and authority so proper control over host help to stop this. Some time parent companies have to cut the extra staff and operating cost to maximize profitability. So without enough power no one can do it. And to explore the employees most talent and to train them the parent company need such power. (Tsurumi, 1977). So the parent companies always try to explore the best of the host country. They can use the natural resources best and can meet the all customers demand in a favorable way. References Bailey, G. (2009). Sea transportation. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub. Foley, J. (1999). The global entrepreneur. Chicago, IL: Dearborn. Hall, R. (1984). The international joint venture. New York: Praeger. Moore, P. (1983). The business of risk. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. Paakkunainen, U. (1992). Joint venture decision. Helsinki: Helsingin Kauppakorkeakoulun Kuvalaitos. Paul, J. and Aserkar, R. (2008). Export import management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pearson, C. (1987). Multinational corporations, environment, and the Third World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Puffer, C. (1941). Air transportation. Philadelphia: Blakiston Co. Sherman, A. (1999). Franchising licensing. New York: AMACOM. Tsurumi, Y. and Graham, E. (1977). Multinational management. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Pub. Co.

Innovations in water conservation and treatment Essay

Water recycling and treatment is very essential today since fresh water scarcity can be felt in many parts of the globe; conservation of water is really needed. What is â€Å"grey water† and how could it be useful to us? Include comments about â€Å"purple pipes† in this discussion. Grey water is wash water or any water used at home such as from dish, shower, sink, and laundry. Grey water does not include water that comes from toilets wastes and garbage grinders which is called black water. Not any of the sources of grey water contains disease organisms found in waste water. Grey water has fifty to eighty percent of inhabited waste water, can be reused for other purposes, especially in land irrigation. (Ludwig 2007) First, we should know the distinctions between grey water and black water in order for us to understand fully how to manage them and why they should not be mixed together, for environmental security as well. In combined waste water, toilet wastes have ninety percent of Nitrogen, which is the most alarming and not-easily-removed pollutants affecting the prospective drinking water supply, while grey water holds about ten percent only, which is mostly organic so animals can still use it when filtered. Human pathogens can be found significantly in feces according to health professionals. Since black water has more pathogens contained, toilet wastes should be kept out of waste water stream to radically reduce the risk of spreading such organisms through water. Lastly, grey water pollutants decompose quicker than that of the black water which implies a more rapid stabilization and prevention of water pollution. (Lindstrom 2000) Plants doesn’t necessarily need to thrive on pure drinking water, it would be a waste to do so since they can actually be flourished with used water with small bits of compost. Grey water reuse is one of the essential solutions to many environmental threats and will basically remain in the up coming generation. How can grey water be useful to us? What are its benefits? First, fresh water can be conserved because grey water can replace it in many purposes, increasing effective water supply in irrigation sites and at the same time money is also saved. Secondly, reuse of grey water causes less strain on septic tank or treatment plant, extending its capacity and existence. For the local government, if wastewater flow decreases the effectiveness of the treatment becomes higher, while lowering its costs. Also, grey water protects the quality of natural surface and ground waters, given that it is purified to an enormously high level in the upper, most organically active region of the soil. Moreover, energy and chemical use will lessen because instead of undergoing a treatment and pumping, wastewaters are being used for some other purposes. The use of grey water for plants revives groundwater. Besides it also facilitates a landscape to boom even if there is no enough water to support a large amount of plant growth. Erosion can take place when there is loss of nutrients through wastewater disposal in bodies of water, however the cultivated nutrients in grey water helps maintain the fertility of the land. Lastly, it takes account in yielding the awareness of the sensible husbandry of a significant resource. (Ludwig 2007) Purple pipes in the ground are used for irrigating plants and many other purposes but not for drinking. Indirect recycling of wastewater is better than using alternative water supplies such as purple pipes because it requires less effort to install, maintain and employ. It is also less costly. Indirect water recycling would benefit everyone, not just those areas serviced by purple pipes. (Queensland Government 2006) What is â€Å"desalinisation†? In your answer, include discussions of â€Å"reverse osmosis† and one other method of desalinization. Be sure to include the pros and cons of the methods discussed. Today, approximately only one percent of the Earth’s water is fresh; the oceans are being utilized to supplement the supply of fresh water. Desalination (also called desalinization) is the process of purifying seawater or brackish water, removing dissolved solids from water, to obtain a safe and clean drinking water. Method of desalination fall under two major categories: the thermal (evaporative) methods and the membrane based methods. (Gold Coast 2004) The membrane methods involve the use of force against salts or water through a synthetic membrane. Some examples of processes include electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, and nano-filtration. Reverse osmosis (RO) forces water through a membrane under external pressure to reverse natural osmotic flow. Water flows from a more intense saline solution as pressure is applied through the semi-permeable membrane. The remaining feed water that hasn’t passed the membrane yet will increase its salt concentration. The pressure at the surface of the membrane is increased to eliminate some feed water to prevent precipitation of supersaturated salts. Pretreatment, includes fine filtration and accumulation of acid or other chemical substances to restrain precipitation, is vital to prevent precipitation of salt and formation of microorganisms on the membranes. RO is considered as the most proper and suitable technology for desalination of seawater for drinking because it can remove chloride salts, pathogens and other contaminants. (Advameg Inc) One advantage of using membrane method is that it requires less energy than using thermal method, which consumes a large amount of heat energy to be able to perform evaporation. Moreover it has a lower visual impact. Nevertheless, some disadvantages include membranes are sensitive to feed water which may cause scaling and fouling. These methods also require a high level of pre-treatment. The efficiency and costs of the procedure is reliant on the salinity of feed water. (Gold Coast 2004) In thermal methods, the water will be subjected to evaporation leaving salt behind in concentrated brine. Then, it will be condensed in order to provide roughly pure water. Common processes include heat distillation, multi-stage flash, multi-effect distillation, mechanical vapor compression, and thermo-compression distillation. For example, in heat distillation, large amount of heat is being used to refine fresh water from sea water. Derived from the natural hydrologic cycle, whereas seawater is heated, water vapors are produced, and then condensed to form fresh water. In desalination plants, seawater is being subjected to large amount of heat to meet its boiling point to tolerate maximum vaporization. To make this process possible, the atmospheric pressure is being decreased to lower the boiling point of the seawater. With a lower boiling point, multiple boiling can be done using lower energy requirement and the rate of carbonate and sulfate scale productions on the equipment is being controlled. (Advameg Inc) The advantages of using thermal methods are the following; the systems are tough and insensitive to feed water quality variations, the energy efficiency is not affected by salinity levels, and lastly it produces a high quality of water. Some disadvantages include intensive energy required and high visual impact. (Gold Coast 2004) There are still many other methods that are being developed by the different sectors, whether private or governmental, in order to conserve fresh water and recycle the wastewater to make every drop useful and productive. These innovations would play a very important part in the long run; it can solve the problems regarding water shortage and scarcity all over the world. Everyone will benefit. References: About, Inc 2007, What is Reverse Osmosis? Available from: [19 September 2007]. Advameg Inc 2007, Desalinization. Available from: < http://www. waterencyclopedia. com/Da-En/Desalinization. html> [19 September 2007]. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation June 1993. , FactSheet: Wastewater Recycling Systems. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Bynum, J April 9, 2007, Purple Pipes: The New Government Bio-Terrorism Threat. Available from: [19 September 2007]. City of Roseville 2007, Recycled Water. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Ecological Internet 2007, World Running Out of Water. Available from: [19 September 2007]. EcoWorld Inc 2007, The Global Environmental Community. Available from: [19 September 2007]. General Electric Company 2007, Desalination. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Gold Coast November 2004, Desalination. Available from: [19 September 2007]. HighBeamâ„ ¢ Research, Inc. 2007, New Desalinization Processes Could Solve World’s Water Shortages. Available from: < http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1G1-56846829. html> [19 September 2007]. Ludwig, A 2007, Grey Water Central. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Lindstrom, C 2000, Grey Water. Available from: < http://www. greywater. com/> [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Insane in the Membrane. Available from: < http://blogs. princeton.edu/chm333/f2006/water/02_desalination/01_reverse_osmosis/> [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Global Clean Water Crisis. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Making Every Sip Count. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Sewage and Such. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d., The Global Water Crisis: Our Inevitable Fate? Available from: < http://blogs. princeton. edu/chm333/f2006/water/02_desalination/> [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Water Quality. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Movable Type Enterprise n. d. , Water Crisis in Developing Countries. Available from: < http://blogs. princeton. edu/chm333/f2006/water/05_international_issues/ >[19 September 2007]. Queensland Government May 2006, South East Queensland Regional Water Supply Strategy. Available from: [19 September 2007]. State of Victoria November 6 2006, Grey water – recycling water at home. Available from: [19 September 2007]. Water Innovations Inc. 2007, Water Innovations. Available from: [19 September 2007]. National Research Council, Review of the Desalination and Water Purification Roadmap.. Washington, D. C. : Nat’l Academies Press, 2004.

Spice Crops

Accessibility to good roads, transportation facilities, and market A good farm-to-market road is practically essential. Bad roads limit the size of loads, increase wear and tear, and cause crops to be bruise. 2. ) Well-drained areas A gently sloping land is a good site because it allows for efficient water drainage. The site should not have any depression where water may accumulate. 3. ) Soil fertility Spice crops can be grown in almost all types of soil. However, they thrive best in loose, friable, sandy loam soil rich in organic matter. 4. ) Climatic conditionsMost spice crops grow best under warm humid climates but some grow in dry environments. Determining what kind of spice crop to grow in a particular area should be done beforehand. 5. ) Rainfall The amount of rainfall is important because spice crops do not grow well in areas with excessive rainfall. Instead, they grow faster in places with direct exposure to sunlight. Preparing the Onions There are several varieties of onion grow here in the Philippines. Among them are Red Globe, Excel, Granex, Red Creoles, Crystal Wax, Japanese Bunching, Baguio green,and Beltsville Bunching. The onion plot should be plowed, harrowed, and left in good tilth.The surface should be well worked and smooth. For every kilogram, prepare a 1Ãâ€"10 meter plot. Prepare five plots and five kilograms of seeds for every hectare of planting area. Sow the seeds thinly and evenly then water the plot. Cover them with a thin layer of pulverized soil to avoid exposure to sunlight. Keep the soil moist by watering it every week with ammonium sulfate. Seedlings are grown for 30-40days. As the onion matures, gradually decrease water supply to promote proper bulb ripening. Stop watering when the tops of onion start falling over as they are almost ready for harvesting.Onion’s keeping quality is longer when it is fully ripe when harvested. PLANTING AND CARING FOR ONIONS: Planting and Transplanting Onions can be planted either by clean cu lture or mulch culture method. If clean culture is used, the field should be plowed and harrowed to remove the weeds and pulverized the soil. One or double rows are then made, and complete fertilizer and processed fertilizer at the rate of 4-6 kg. per 100sq. m of land are thoroughly mixed and applied. The plots should be sufficiently irrigated to wet the soil. In the mulch method, the field is not plowed. Instead, the remaining stalks are cut nearest to the ground.Then, the field is allowed to dry while the weeds are removed. The field should be irrigated three days before transplanting. Fertilizer should be applied a week before transplanting. The amount of fertilizer to apply may depend on the native soil fertility, thus soil analysis is necessary. After 30-40 days, irrigate the field to loosen the soil. Uproot the seedlings carefully, and plant them in the plot in columns with a distance of 8-10cm. Make sure that the soil has enough moisture while the plants are growing. Irrigati on In the plot method, the first watering is done after one week from the date of planting.Irrigate the field just enough to water the soil. Apply the fertilizer consisting of five bags of ammonium sulfate and five bags of urea per hectare are then applied. The field is then irrigated every 10days. On the third irrigation, a combination of five bags of urea and five bags of muriate of potash are applied. On the fourth irrigation, 20 bags of complete fertilizer per hectare are then applied In the mulched method, less irrigation is done because the rice straws can retain the moisture of the soil longer. In both methods of planting, irrigation is no longer done one month before harvesting the crops.Pest and Diseases The common Pest that attack onions are thrips and nocturnal leaf-eating worms. You have learned that thrips are winged insects that eat parts of onion’s leaves, which then become yellow and dried from tip to base. To control these pests, spray the infested plant with Malathion or any appropriate insecticide. Purple blotch and onion pink rot are the common diseases caused by fungi that usually attack onions. Practicing crop rotation, planting of resistant varieties, and applying appropriate pesticides are some of the measures that farmers may use to control these diseases. HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST OF ONIONSHarvesting and Post-harvesting Operations The bending of the onion leaves is a sign that the onions are ready for harvesting. The maturity period of the crop differs according to the variety, just make sure that only the fully ripe ones are harvested to enhance their keeping quality. Red Globe, for example, matures in 100 days or more; Excel matures in 90-100 days; Red Creole matures in 110-120 days; and Granex matures in 130-135 days. Onions are harvested by uprooting the plants carefully. The bulbs should be properly sorted from the thick necks (will not store so long); injured or damaged bulbs should be cleaned.The plants are then placed in nylon sacks, bamboo crates or baskets. Onions should be carefully handled and properly cured, so that they will retain their freshness and quality. Onions should be placed in cold storage room with a dry atmosphere and adequate ventilation Marketing of Onions Fresh market onions are distributed through broker-shippers, grower-shippers, and chain store buyers. Many growers disposed of their crops soon after harvest. Dealers, shoppers, supermarket buyers, and others are usually on hand at harvest time to buy the products on cash basis, some on consignment basis.In some areas, onions are commonly sold under marketing contracts between growers and shippers. Profit Crops Production Cost Gross income Net income (Pesos)(Pesos) (Pesos) Onions P50. 00 P100. 00 P50. 00 The remaining P50. 00 profit will be the total profit for my plant production of onions.FIAT LUX ACADEME Cavite In partial fulfillment of the requirement in T. L. E. II â€Å"A Project Plant for my Plant Production† Sub mitted by: Rotsen R. Manaois II – Germanium Submitted to: Miss Hirlen E. Pico T. L. E. Teacher

Separation Of Church And State - 1095 Words

The separation of church and state has been encountered and challenged several times in the Supreme Court, which was first mentioned by Thomas Jefferson. However it is not solidly stated in the Constitution on what is right or wrong and good or bad. This theory was modified from various elements from the Constitution essentially the first and fourteenth amendments. In the first amendment it is written Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.. Notice the phrase separation of church and state does not appear in the First Amendment. This amendment guarantees citizens the right to worship and or believe any religion they prefer! Many citizens obviously feel a strong†¦show more content†¦America s structure is established upon the concept that religion should be a freedom of choice of an individual without the concern of the government, yet religion was the least flaws the nation was founded on. During the develo pment over hundred of years, America s opinion was occupied on one s religious belief. This controversy enhanced in public schools across the country. The court case that brought about this action was Engel v. Vitale. This court case dealt with school prayers. Supreme Court ruled Engel v, Vitale on Juner 1962 that prayer in public schools violated the U.S Constitution s first amendment prohibition of a state establishment of religion. N.Y State s Board of Regents documented a daily prayer that was recited by students at the beginning of class. A group of parents disapproved of this and sued the school board of president. Justice Hugo Black argument by explaining how the recitation of the Regent s Prayer were an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment Clause. The Court rejected the defendant s argument that prayer is free and promotes religious unity. Although many people were angry about the verdict, this case impacted public schools by prohibiting schools from writing or ch oosing a specific prayer requiring students to practice it. The morning of September 24th called upon the Supreme Court to overrule a federal claim court decision that the New York City public school administration could, if it